Preamble from Academic Senate for Distribution of Open Letter to British Journal of Psychotherapy
After active discussion and with due deliberation, the Academic Senate of Pacifica Graduate Institute voted at its Fall 2019 general meeting to endorse the Open Letter from a Group of Jungians on the Question of Jung’s Writings on the Theories of ‘Africans’, that was published by the British Journal of Psychotherapy in regard to Jung’s language and theories about Africanist people. We do this for the purposes of encouraging rich and engaged discussion, while acknowledging that there have been varying perspectives in past and current dialogues around Jung’s intentions and the historical context in which his works were written. Depth psychologists embrace the capacity for critical thinking, authentic engagement, inclusivity, and genuine care, including when working with racial and cultural biases. We support diversity and intend to bring a 21st century awareness and transparency into all of our endeavors in the field of Depth Psychology and at Pacifica Graduate Institute.
Susan Rowland (Senate President)
Pacifica Graduate Institute
Dear Editor,
Thirty years ago, the British Journal of Psychotherapy published a paper by Dr Farhad Dalal entitled ‘Jung: A racist’ (Dalal, 1988). Regrettably, no adequate acknowledgement or apology for what Jung wrote, and Dalal critiqued, has been forthcoming from the field of analytical psychology and Jungian analysis. (To contextualize what follows, the Abstract to Dalal’s paper has been placed in an Appendix to this letter.)
We write now as a group of individuals – Jungian analysts, clinicians, and academicsutilizing concepts from analytical psychology – to end the silence. We felt further encouraged to write to the BJP in particular because of the Journal’s strapline making clear its interest in ‘Jungian practice today’.
Via detailed scholarship, Dalal sets out what Jung wrote about persons of African and South Asian Indian heritage, as well as other populations of colour, and Indigenous peoples. Before and since the paper, Jung’ s views have caused considerable disquiet and often anger within the communities concerned. There has also been disquiet and anger about Jung’ s views in clinical, academic and cultural circles generally. Analytical psychologists and other Jungians have known about the implications of Jung’ s ideas for decades; there are signatories to this Letter who have campaigned for recognition of the problems. But there has been a failure to address them responsibly, seriously and in public.
We share the concern that Jung’s colonial and racist ideas – sometimes explicit and sometimes implied – have led to inner harm (for example, internalized inferiority for the groups, communities and individuals mentioned in the previous paragraph. Moreover, in the opinion of the signatories to this letter, these ideas have also led to aspects of de facto institutional and structural racism being present in Jungian organizations.
The intellectual and cultural environment of late nineteenth and early twentieth century psychology promoted many colonial and racist attitudes. Jung’s largely uncritical embrace of these attitudes led him to conclude that he was justified in constructing a hierarchy in which people of African heritage were alleged to ‘lack a layer’ of ‘mind’ that white Europeans possessed, and thus were ‘primitive’ in their emotional and psychological functioning. In addition, he also failed to listen to warnings from within his circle that his views were problematic.
We doubt that any contemporary clinicians and academics in the Jungian and post-Jungian community would endorse these ideas now, but the absence of an open distancing from Jung on these questions has allowed for some implicit biases in Jung’ s work to remain perpetuated: unexamined and unchallenged. For example, the use of skin colour as symbolic of both ‘ race’ and certain psychological traits. Failure to acknowledge and apologize for these offensive attitudes, and ethos of people who, like us, currently participate in Jungian and post-Jungian communities that support and value diversity, gender equality, social justice, political activism, and respect for differences in populations, cultures, religions, and sexual orientations. Some of the publications in these areas are listed at the end of the Letter.
We want, moreover, to recruit more students, clinicians and scholars of colour to study, train, conduct research, and contribute to analytical psychology, developing and actualizing a more refined attitude towards human differences than the one we have inherited, or may now have.
And so, our statements here are not so much to chastise Jung as to take responsibility ourselves for the harm that has ensued in these 30 years in which little has been done to rectify Jung’ s errors.
We deeply regret our role in having taken so long to issue a statement like this. We realize that it has been extremely difficult for persons of African descent, and other populations that have been similarly maligned, to contemplate entering either people of colour are underrepresented in the psychotherapies generally, the social data suggest that, where comparisons can and have been made, the problem is even more marked within the Jungian clinical communities.
In light of this, we call on all involved in analytical psychology, including ourselves, to accept and insist on new obligations: to accept responsibility for correcting and changing theories that harm people of colour, to apologize for actual harm and discrimination, and to fi nd new ways to keep analytical psychology engaged with communities and colleagues of colour. We call on all involved in Jungian training, treatment and scholarship, to increase attention in their programmes to in-depth study of clinical, social and cultural matters that relate to bias, prejudice, diversity, and transcultural or intercultural perspectives and knowledge.
We recognize that, collectively, to reach these goals will require engagement in dialogue, reflection, and change within our Jungian communities. We hope our colleagues, throughout the Jungian world recognize and welcome our good intentions. We also seek conversations with individuals and institutions who are prepared to assist us in our efforts to make the changes that are now necessary.
DEIRDRE BAIR PhD. Independent scholar and writer. Author of Jung: A Biography
(Gradiva Award for biography 2004). USA
JOHN BEEBE MD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. USA
FANNY BREWSTER PhD, MFA. Philadelphia Association of Jungian Analysts.
Professor of Clinical Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute. USA
ROGER BROOKE PhD, ABPP. Professor of Psychology, Duquesne University.
Affiliate Member, Inter-Regional Society for Jungian Analysts. Executive Committee
International Association for Jungian Studies. USA/South Africa
STEFANO CARTA PhD. Associazione Italiana per lo Studio della Psicologia Analitica.
Professor of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Cagliari.
Italy
MOIRA DUCKWORTH BA, BEd. Association of Jungian Analysts. UK
BETTY S. FLOWERS PhD. Professor Emeritus, University of Texas at
Austin. USA
HEATHER FORMAINI PhD. Australian and New Zealand Society of Jungian Analysts.
Italy/Australia
LYNN ALICIA FRANCO, MA, MSW, LCSW. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco.
USA/Colombia
CHRISTINE HEJINIAN PhD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. USA
BIRGIT HEUER PhD. British Jungian Analytic Association. UK
GOTTFRIED M. HEUER PhD. Association of Jungian Analysts. International
Association for Otto Gross Studies. Independent Scholar. UK
BARBARA HOLIFIELD MSW, MFT. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco.
Adjunct Professor, California Institute of Integral Studies. USA
ANTONIO KARIM LANFRANCHI MD. Analytical Psychologist. Italy/Egypt
SAM KIMBLES PhD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. USA
MONICA LUCI PhD. Associazione Italiana di Psicologia Analitica. Italy
BEGUM MAITRA MBBS, DPM, MD (Psychiatry), MRCPsych. Retired Child and
Adolescent Psychiatrist. Association of Jungian Analysts. UK/India
JON MILLS PsyD, PhD, CPsych, ABPP. Professor of Psychology and Psychoanalysis,
Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto. Executive Committee International
Association for Jungian Studies. Canada
HELEN MORGAN. British Jungian Analytic Association. UK
GORDON MURRAY MFT. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. USA
KONOYU NAKAMURA PhD. Professor, Otemon Gakuin University. Executive
Committee, International Association of Jungian Studies. Japan
EVA PATTIS PhD. Centro Italiano di Psicologica Analitica. Italy
DENISE G. RAMOS PhD. Brazilian Society for Analytical Psychology (SBrAP).
Vice-President for Americas of the International Society of Sandplay Therapy.
Full Professor at the Post Graduation Program in Clinical Psychology at Pontificia
Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Brazil
SUSAN ROWLAND PhD. Professor of Jung and the Humanities, Pacifica Graduate
Institute. USA/UK
ANDREW SAMUELS. Society of Analytical Psychology. Professor of Analytical
Psychology, University of Essex. Past Chair, UK Council for Psychotherapy. UK
SULAGNA SENGUPTA MA. Former member, India Jung Centre. International
Association for Jungian Studies. Author of Jung in India. India
THOMAS SINGER MD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. USA
KHENU SINGH MD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. Staff Psychiatrist, Adult
Forensic Behavioral Health, Alameda County at Santa Rita Jail. USA
ANNA M. SPIELVOGEL MD, PhD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. Clinical
Professor of Psychiatry, University of San Francisco. USA
MARTIN STONE BSc. Association of Jungian Analysts. UK
TRISTAN TROUDART MD. Israel Institute for Jungian Psychology. Israel
ALAN G. VAUGHAN, PhD, JD. C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. Core Psychology
Faculty, College of Social Sciences, Saybrook University. Association of
Black Psychologists. USA
RUTH WILLIAMS MA. Association of Jungian Analysts. UK
POLLY YOUNG-EISENDRATH PhD. Jungian Psychoanalytic Association. Clinical
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. Past President Vermont
Association for Psychoanalytic Studies, USA
LUIGI ZOJA PhD. Centro Italiano di Psicologica Analitica. Italy
